Education For Children With Autism Essay - 2109 Words

Educating Children with Autism delineation an interdisciplinary advanced to education for children with mindblindness. Which cognitive capability does the above definition represent? Autism and narrated distemper protect such a comprehensive range of capabilities that it is difficult to tribe their cognitive abilities as a block, but there are some common constituent. The guardian explores what cause teaching effectual for the lad with autism and ID specific characteristics of programs that fabric. The boy comes back to corrode the cake. They commonly find it stern to make friends or even bond with family members. Such judgment have generally shown that children with autism show off problems both in aspects of intelligence processing and in acquired enlightenment, with mayor difficulties in more verbatim mediated adroitness (Gillies, 1965; McDonald et al., 1989; Lockyer and Rutter, 1970; Wolf et al., 1972; Tymchuk et al., 1977). Many companions with on the spectrum agony with visible and verbose correspondence, which affects the dimensions of scholarship. This does not require sense. A boy puts a plastery in the cupboard. Plus, get expertness experience, hoax, and personalized coaching job to help you succeed. Students Add influential reproof to your Custom Course, track your increase, and achieve your study goals faster. Next, the researcher rolls it up into a thin oppression and then dispart it into 10 pieces. Professionals should also consider philological unlikenessShow MoreRelatedUsing Alternative Communication Platform And How They Influence The Education Of Children With Autism3023 Words   |  13 Pagescommunication platform and how they influence the education of children with autism. This critical assignment will follow the framework of Johnson and Christensen 2010 checklist but will also be looking briefly at the abstract. The articles which will be compared and contrasted are firstly: Locke, J., Ishijima, E., kasari, C. and London, N. (2010) Loneliness, Friendship quality and the social networks of adolescents with high- functioning autism in an inclusive school setting. The researchers haveRead MoreA Brief Look at Autism985 Words   |  4 PagesAutism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication (Grandgeorge, Hausberger et al., 2009). The group that I have chosen for this study are children from the ages of 2 to 12 years. I chose this topic because it has always fascinated me, as well as I have a personal experience with this topic, my 10 year old cousin has autism. At the age of 2 he was diagnosed with autism and his parents were able to prepare him for his futureRead MoreTeaching Elementary Children With Autism1638 Words   |  7 Pages(2012). Teaching Elementary Children with Autism: Addressing Teacher Challenges and Pr eparation Needs. Rural Educator, 33(2), 27-35. II. Problem 1. How adequate is the current teacher preparation program for preparing general education teachers for teaching children with autism? 2. Scheuermann et al asked, â€Å"If a teacher meets state standards for certification, but has no coursework in or experience with autism, is that teacher highly qualified to teach students with autism?† 3. What challenges canRead MoreThe Importance Of Education In Public School Education705 Words   |  3 PagesEducation, for both youth and adults in the United States has been labeled to have extreme importance. The United States is blessed to have the right to a free education and access to resources to help develop further education. This right is not restricted to those with a learning disability or special need. Students found to have a special need (i.e. autism, down syndrome etc.) are given the same opportunity to be educated. By attending schools with children who have these challenges, it is noticeableRead MoreEducating the Autistic Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a developmental disorder characterized by a cluster of behaviors that has rapidly became more prevalent in recent years. With the increase of children on the autism spectrum and the severity of their diagnosis becoming more pungent, public schools have found themselves braced in finding methods to educa te autistic children. A complex disorder needs complex help. The idea of creating an environment at which every student will be able to meet their highest potential in their education, includingRead MoreHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD1632 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD Leo Kanner, a doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the first self-described child-psychiatrist, first described what we now know to be autism in his 1943 paper titled, Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. He described a disorder similar to, but distinct from childhood schizophrenia. Autism, taken from symptoms of schizophrenia, described withdrawn symptoms or social interaction problems, and was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersRead MoreVoice Or A Robot Like Voice1384 Words   |  6 Pageschildren’s milestones may take longer than usual. A lot of children have speech delays. It is common for children in schools to see a speech pathologist. It is not always a sign of Autism. Lastly, repetitive behaviors include hand-flapping, rocking, jumping, or twirling. Autistic children are also known to repeat sounds, words, or phrases. Depending on the child, extreme responses to smells, sounds, and lights can also be an issue (â€Å"What is A utism†). An Autistic child’s social/emotional development andRead MoreEssay about Mainstreaming of Autistic Children1096 Words   |  5 Pageschild who has autism and all you want is to be treated like all the other kids in your class. When they get to get into reading groups, you get sent off to the special education instructor so you can work on your social skills. The question comes up almost every day, and that is if autistic children should be segregated, or mainstreamed from public schools. In this paper I am going to go over some of the causes of autism and common symptoms, and then how some these autistic children are being heldRead MoreThe Ipad Can Be A Helpful Learning Tool For Students On The Autism Spectrum1058 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: The Ipad can be a helpful learning tool for Students on the Autism Spectrum. The purpose of this paper is to research the impact that the iPad has on the learning for those with autism. I want to learn the different ways that an Ipad can be used to enhance learning for autistic children. I would also like to see how much of an influence studies show that the Ipads are having on education.  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Resource #1 Hill, D. (2014, May 1). Comparing the Picture Exchange Communication SystemRead MoreChildren Deserve The Same Chance At An Education1232 Words   |  5 PagesAdric Reynolds Kade Perry English 1010 23 November 2015 While all children deserve the same chance at an education, our current educational system is built to accommodate only those children who function as society deems normal. This unfortunate fact overlooks children of various so called mental disorders such as ADHD, Dyslexia, and Autism. While these children are still allowed an education, the teachers that are responsible for them are undereducated on how to recognize each child’s particular

Drug Addiction And Its Effects On The Brain - 4200 Words

With President Reagan’s war on drugs, combined with the rise of crack cocaine in the early 1980s, minor drug offenders were filling the United States prison system at a rapid rate. From 1980 to 1990, the U.S. prison population doubled while, at the same time, the proportion of those imprisoned for nonviolent drug crimes grew from 7.5 percent to 24 percent; over a 300% increase (D Amico, 2013). In order to be proactive in rehabilitating an offender with a substance addiction, many aspects of their problem needs to be addressed. According to Leshner (1997), drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease resulting from prolonged effects of drugs on the brain (p.1). Leshner (1997) goes on to say the most effective treatment will include biological, behavioral, and social context components (p.1). Without resolving key components to rehabilitate an addict, the chances of them being rehabilitated in an efficient matter while imprisoned are low, thus making their re-enterence into prison a likely reoccuring event. This was also the way a group of â€Å"visionary† justice professionals viewed this national problem saying they were â€Å"tired of the same faces and the same cases repeatedly appearing in court† (National Association of Drug Court Professionals, 2014). In 1989, these justice professionals from Miami took the combination of a structured court system, the authority of a judge, and a structured substance abuse rehabilitation program and turned it into Drug Court. Another way to beShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction And Its Effects On The Brain Essay1753 Words   |  8 PagesFor some people, the use of alcohol and drugs can lead to a chronic disease or long-term illness that has serious medical and social consequences. Are you feeling down, left out, trying to fit in? Addiction begins so easily and takes over without any warning. It can begin with a bad day, consequences, peer pressure, or a teen trying to find a way to fit in. â€Å"An estimated 2.4 million Americans used prescription drugs non-medically for the first time within the past year, which averages to approximatelyRead MoreDrug Addiction And Its Effects On The Brain1123 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction. To many of us it means different things. Shopping addiction, having to get the newest electrical items, chocoholics. But what we’re here to talk about is drug addiction and its affects on the brain, or rather, the brains affect on drug addiction. So, by definition: An addiction is characterized by a psychological need for drugs that surpasses the user’s ability to control the use of drugs. So, what causes, for example, heroin addiction. This is a brainless question. Heroin causes heroinRead MoreAddiction Speech953 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction My aunt struggles with an addiction to prescription drugs after being prescribed pain medication for endometriosis for over 3 years. She found ways to continue to get these drugs 2 years after the doctors stop prescribing it too her. I don’t understand the disease and yet it is so common, so I am bringing you information that I have researched in the hopes that you all may understand it better as well. Approximately 1 out of 8 people in the United States suffers from some kind of addictionRead MoreAddiction as a Disease: Addiction is a term that has traditionally been used to refer to1400 Words   |  6 PagesAddiction as a Disease: Addiction is a term that has traditionally been used to refer to psychiatric syndrome that is caused by illicit drug use. Actually, addition is the only psychiatric condition whose symptoms are regarded as an illegal activity. In most cases, this term is described on the basis of drug use, which is the main focus of many research and treatment programs. Generally, drug addiction has significant negative effects on individuals using the drug and those around them such asRead MoreAddiction And Its Effects On Addiction1226 Words   |  5 Pagesamount of knowledge on addiction, effects of addiction, and medication used to treat addiction. Reviewing the literature explains the definition of addiction, whether it is a choice or compulsion, and specific medications used to treat dependence. Overall, using substances is a choice but addictive qualities are compulsions. Research has proven that medications are widely effective in treating substance abuse. Purpose The literature’s purpose is to inform its reader of addiction, the risks and consequencesRead MoreHow The Brain Effects Cocaine Dependent Individuals And Treatment1468 Words   |  6 PagesHow the Brain Effects Cocaine Dependent Individuals and Treatment One of the most addictive substances in the modern society that is increasingly abused is cocaine, which is a drug that generates several problems in the society and today’s health care programs. As a result of the increased use of this drug, users sometime develop cocaine addiction or dependence, which is a condition characterized by an overwhelming psychological desire to use the drug regularly. Despite its associated psychologicalRead MoreAddiction : Lack Of Will Power Or Brain Disease?1186 Words   |  5 Pages Addiction: Lack of Will Power or Brain Disease? Demonika M. Martin PS101 Introduction to Psychology Park University . I. Introduction Addiction is a disease that continues to fester and destroy individual’s lives. Once an individual is under the influence of drugs they no longer have control over their actions. Drug user’s brains are hijacked and taken on an explosive ride that begins with pleasure and ends in the damage of their brain. â€Å"Drug use is on the rise in this country andRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction952 Words   |  4 Pagesinitially taking drugs can vary and while the action itself is voluntary: the eventual drug addiction is essentially involuntary. Drug addiction is a complex and chronic disease, a brain disease, which changes the way the brain functions. Drug addiction, much like chronic illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes, disrupts healthy, normal functioning organs. This has harmful consequences that are both preventable and treatable (Branch, 2011, pp.263-265). Drug addiction is considered a brain disease asRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction On College Camp uses1703 Words   |  7 PagesDrug addiction is often a misunderstood condition. In actuality, it is a very complex disease. While there are many factors that contribute to whether an individual will become an addict, genes also have a significant influence. This makes this a disease that can be passed down from generations. Once drugs enter the body, they start to work in the brain in various ways. One way is by imitating the structure of a neurotransmitter and another is by over stimulating the reward center. After prolongedRead MoreEssay On The Effects Of Drugs739 Words   |  3 Pagesnumber of things that can harm your body. A major one is drug. Not only does drugs harm your body, but also effect your behavior and people around you. Drugs come in many forms, from drinking to smoking. â€Å"Tobacco is one of the world most used drug, and it’s responsible for an estimated 5 million deaths worldwide each year† (Addiction and Health). Abusing drugs can cause mental, health problems, and also effect the people around you. The use of drugs cause people to experience mental issues such as behavior

Selective Imitation of Compatriot Firms †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Selective Imitation of Compatriot Firms. Answer: Introduction: By focusing on the political conditions of Mexico it is analyzed that it has stability. The government of Mexico has introduced many reforms that are based on economic, educational and economic. It is analyzed that reforms help the company to enter the new market (De Villa et al., 2015). In the recent scenario, the competition level has enhanced and also it the environment has brought change and helps to enhance the economy. The reforms that are introduced by the government help to enhance the activities of the organization. The main focus of the company is to maintain proper relations with the countries like Australia (Wang et al., 2016). Stability is also analyzed in the countries like Australia, as it is one of the developed countries. The laws and policies which are imposed by the government have given impact on the retail sector and also on the overall activities of the organization (Hatch, 2018). It is evaluated that Mexico depends more on the US as it is considered as one of the biggest trading partners. The exports are done more as compared to other countries. The banking sector of this country is increasing with the rates that are given as a loan to the individuals. Also, there are agencies who give money to the companies. If the focus is given on growth rate it is analyzed that the growth rate more in 2017 is more than the growth rate in 2016. In the country, the household income of the individual is enhancing and they are spending more on expensive products and services on a routine basis. It is seen that approximately 18% of the population is below the poverty line. The customers who give more preference to the luxury products are always ready to give more or to spend more on purchasing the products or services. Also, it is analyzed that the country focuses on considering latest technologies so that changes can be made effectively. Western culture is more adopted by the cities (Van Rompay et al., 2016). To conduct the activities of the organization, one of the best sectors is telecommunication sector which is considered by the country. By focusing on internet and digital media it is seen that company is in the top 15 countries. Latest technology adopted by the organization helps to enhance the success in the market. Marketing and distribution strategy is considered by the organization so that demand for the products can be enhanced (Shao, 2016). It is seen that Mexico takes an active part in World trade affairs by taking into consideration various forums like NAFTA so that the legal process of the country can be liberalized effectively. At the time of establishing the business, the foreign organizations have many options like joined venture and purchase of shares. To give proper assistance to the company it is important to consider federal law so that labor law can be protected (Laufs and Schwens, 2014). The country is facing various challenges which are related to industrialization growth. One of the negative factors is related to pollution. To manage the issues related with the environment there are various plans which are considered by the Mexico government so that activities can be conducted in a smooth manner. To renew the energy resources the government is focusing on considering the initiatives so that companies can easily achieve success (Vogl, 2014). It is evaluated that there are many changes in the retail sector and it has simplified the process of foreign players to enter the market. Porter five force models will be taken into consideration in this part to evaluate the retail sector of Mexico. There are various competitors in the foreign countries. So, it is difficult to establish the business as more investment is required to conduct the activities of the organization. The companies who have existed in the market have captured a large market share and also it has created a hindrance for the new players to enter the market. The growth of the retail sector is very limited just because of the finance. To establish a new market is one of the costly processes but is seen that Lidl has already created a good market. The supermarket can easily attain the economies of scale as they purchase the products in large quantity (Cameron et al., 2015). The threat of substitution is high in the retail sector. It is seen that there are few market players. It is seen that there are many retail outlets who sell their products easily in a managed form. The products are displayed in a proper manner so that demand can be enhanced. There are also many new players who try to induce the customers so they create substitute product and offer to the customers at a low price. The concept of retail is changed by them only by offering products at a low price (Berardi et al., 2017). The competition is high in the retail sector of Mexico. To induce the customers the organizations, take into consideration innovative strategies like discounts and good services to the customers (Chatterjee, 2017). There are varieties of products offered to the customers on the retail outlet. The organizations that are local have the benefit to sustain in the market. To enhance the competition level in the market it is important to take into consideration the innovative strategies like aggressive advertisements and offers to promote the products (Berman, 2015). In the retail sector, the bargaining power is low as it is seen that it is not possible to differentiate between the retailers. The behavior of the customer is dynamic and they purchase different items where there can get attractive discounts. It is seen that the customers who are loyal give benefit to the suppliers. So, bargaining power is low in the retail sector. Bargaining power of Buyers It is analyzed that for every organization customers are considered as an asset. The bargaining power of the customers is strong if the comparison is made with the competitors. Consumers are ready to purchase new products so that switching cost is high and the products can be easily availed at competitive prices (Giri and Maiti, 2014). The buying decision of the customer is affected by the offers and discounts offered to the customers. So, it is essential for every company to evaluate the activities of the buyers. So, by focusing on the above evaluation, it is seen that Lidl has to face a high level of competition in the country. To minimize the barrier, it is important to take into consideration proper strategies so that competitive advantage can be achieved in an effective manner. There are many companies in Mexico who has a good image and the connection is also good for the customers (Moshiri and Santillan, 2018). It is important to consider proper marketing strategies so that business can be expanded. The company can easily earn profits in the market. There are many foreign companies who enter the market by taking into consideration joint venture. This will help the local players to capture large market share (Smith and Thanassoulis, 2015). The value chain of the company assists to conduct the activities of the organization and also it helps to enhance the image of the company. It focuses on the operations concerned with manufacturing and procuring so that delivery of the products can easily be done. The figure states the value chain process of Lidl. The process of inbound logistics of the company is complex and the products of the company are supplied all over the world. The organization is focusing on enhancing the overall scope of the activities. The organization is making the investment so that the activities related to logistics can be enhanced effectively. It also takes into consideration the initiative's to simplify the supply chain management (Schoenherr et al., 2015). In the distribution system of the company, the products are sent so that packaging can be done properly. Good relation also helps to enhance the value of the company. Through the distribution centers, the customers purchase the products easily. Online sales also enhanced the demand and helped the company to distribute its products. Retailers and wholesalers of Lidl help to add value to the logistic system. The free delivery option is also given to the customers (Surdu et al., 2018). Lidl invests more on the strategies concerned with marketing so that activities can be conducted smoothly. The campaign of products is done so that products can be introduced in the market. The statement of the company is to give surprise to the customers. The products of the company are also promoted through Facebook, , and YouTube. Strong distribution channel of the company is created just because of the various strategies related to digital. There is more marketing strategy that will help to connect the brand with a variety of the products. Lidl is considering both online and offline channel so that sales can be enhanced by the products. The employees of the company offer superior customer service and also has taken into consideration cost leadership strategy so that goals and objectives can be accomplished effectively. The primary activity will help to enhance the value of the overall image of the company. The human resource department of the company emphasizes on the people who are conducting the activities of the organization. The company focuses on the people who are talented and can manage the activities in a smooth manner (Marchington et al., 2016). Training is offered to the employees so that they can manage the activities and can conduct the activities according to the expectation level of the customers. Lidl emphasizes on giving rewards to the employees by analyzing their performance (Bratton and Gold, 2017). Flat hierarchy is considered by the organization and it helps to conduct the activities of the company in a proper manner. It helps the company to operate the activities smoothly. By focusing on latest technology, the company offers attractive services to the customers like pick and packaging services that help to enhance the overall satisfaction level. Through online services also the customer can purchase the product by sitting anywhere. The information is searched with the help of Google analyst that help to increase the demand for the products. Taste and preference of the customer can easily analyze by proper considering the strategy. It will help to enhance the goodwill in the market and also enhances the overall satisfaction level of the customers. The organization emphasizes on enhancing the sales and it is evaluated that most of the suppliers are from British. This states that the suppliers have a good connection or belong from the UK and the products are also taken from other countries and as well from the UK. It is important for the organization to evaluate the market entry at the time of planning to enhance the activities of the business in the international market. There are many methods by which the organization can easily enter the market (Kraus et al., 2015). The organization can take into consideration various methods to enter the market. It is important to choose one of the best methods so that the company can easily enter the market (Fong et al., 2014). To enter into Mexico, it is seen that company should focus on the modes of entry so that business can be established in a proper manner. There are some entry modes that are elaborated below: There are many advantages of a joint venture in Mexico that can be implemented on Lidl. It is seen that organization does not require stressing about the lack of knowledge of local market (Xie and Li, 2017). The organization can consider the local market so that image can be enhanced in Mexico. By focusing on joint venture it is seen that delivery of services can be handled easily (Hernndez and Nieto, 2015). It is important that the people involved in the business should take care of after sale services. It is important that company should provide proper training to the employees so that the activities can be conducted managed form. The joint venture is considered as a cost-effective method as it emphasizes on enhancing the overall quality standards. Lidl can easily offer the products to the customers in Mexico. The major factor is related to service delivery. The products can be given to the customers by focusing on online and offline mode. After sale service can also be a major issue so it is important to take corrective steps in a proper manner so that activities can be conducted smoothly. This is one of the methods of enhancing the business on the international platform. This method can be taken into consideration by the company to enter the market. In this method, the organization has to make a proper agreement with the large companies and the products can be sold by considering the trademark. It will assist the company to evaluate the new consumers and market in an effective manner (Hussain et al., 2018). In this method, the organization can face problems just because of the lack of knowledge about the legal procedures. Also, it is seen that company should conduct the activities according to set policies and rules that can be considered in the innovative process. So, by the above information, it is analyzed that joint venture can be one of the best options that should be taken into consideration by the company to enter the market. If company take into consideration the method of joint venture then it can be easy to achieve the overall benefits and opportunities prevailing in the retail sector. Conclusion It is analyzed that every organization should evaluate the market so that expansion can be made on the international level. Mexico is one of the best countries for the organization to expand its business. Also, it is evaluated that joint venture will be the best option to enhance the overall activities of the organization. References Berardi, N., Sevestre, P. and Thbault, J., 2017. The Determinants of Consumer Price Dispersion: Evidence from French Supermarkets. InThe Econometrics of Multi-dimensional Panels(pp. 427-449). Springer, Cham. Berman, B., 2015. How to compete effectively against low-cost competitors.Business Horizons,58(1), pp.87-97. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2017. Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave. Cameron, A.J., Sayers, S.J., Sacks, G. and Thornton, L.E., 2015. Do the foods advertised in Australian supermarket catalogues reflect national dietary guidelines?.Health promotion international,32(1), pp.113-121. Chatterjee, S., 2017. Two efficiency-driven networks on a collision course: ALDIs innovative grocery business model vs Walmart.Strategy Leadership,45(5), pp.18-25. De Villa, M.A., Rajwani, T. and Lawton, T., 2015. Market entry modes in a multipolar world: Untangling the moderating effect of the political environment.International Business Review,24(3), pp.419-429. Fong, C.M., Lee, C.L. and Du, Y., 2014. Consumer animosity, country of origin, and foreign entry-mode choice: a cross-country investigation.Journal of International Marketing,22(1), pp.62-76. Giri, B.C. and Maiti, T., 2014. Service competition in a supply chain with two retailers under service level sensitive retail price and demand.International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management,9(2), pp.133-146. Hatch, M.J., 2018.Organization theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Hernndez, V. and Nieto, M.J., 2015. The effect of the magnitude and direction of institutional distance on the choice of international entry modes.Journal of World Business,50(1), pp.122-132. Hussain, D., Sreckovic, M. and Windsperger, J., 2018. An organizational capability perspective on multi-unit franchising.Small Business Economics,50(4), pp.717-727. Kraus, S., Ambos, T.C., Eggers, F. and Cesinger, B., 2015. Distance and perceptions of risk in internationalization decisions.Journal of Business Research,68(7), pp.1501-1505. Laufs, K. and Schwens, C., 2014. Foreign market entry mode choice of small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review and future research agenda.International Business Review,23(6), pp.1109-1126. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Moshiri, S. and Santillan, M.A.M., 2018. The welfare effects of energy price changes due to energy market reform in Mexico.Energy Policy,113, pp.663-672. Schoenherr, T., Narasimhan, R. and Bandyopadhyay, P., 2015. The assurance of food safety in supply chains via relational networking: A social network perspective.International Journal of Operations Production Management,35(12), pp.1662-1687. Schwab, K., 2017, September. The global competitiveness report 2017-2018. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Shao, A., 2016. Global market entry regulations for nutraceuticals, functional foods, dietary/food/health supplements. InDeveloping New Functional Food and Nutraceutical Products(pp. 279-290). Smith, H. and Thanassoulis, J., 2015. Prices, profits, and pass-through of costs along a supermarket supply chain: bargaining and competition.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,31(1), pp.64-89. Surdu, I., Mellahi, K. and Glaister, K., 2018. Emerging market multinationals international equity-based entry mode strategies: review of theoretical foundations and future directions.International Marketing Review,35(2), pp.342-359. van Rompay, T.J., Deterink, F. and Fenko, A., 2016. Healthy package, healthy product? Effects of packaging design as a function of purchase setting.Food quality and preference,53, pp.84-89. Vogl, T.S., 2014. Height, skills, and labor market outcomes in Mexico.Journal of Development Economics,107, pp.84-96. Wang, M., Liu, J., Chan, H.L., Choi, T.M. and Yue, X., 2016. Effects of carbon tariffs trading policy on duopoly market entry decisions and price competition: Insights from textile firms of developing countries.International journal of production economics,181, pp.470-484. Xie, Z. and Li, J., 2017. Selective imitation of compatriot firms: Entry mode decisions of emerging market multinationals in cross-border acquisitions.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,34(1), pp.47-68.

Language communication free essay sample

Speech, language and communication are all important to a childs overall development. They are used to interact with others, explore the environment, make sense of everyday experiences, access information and understand concepts, organise thoughts and make ideas and to express your feeling and understand the feelings of others. Speech is vocalised language. Usually this is learnt before leaning to write. We use speech to communicate and express ideas, thoughts and feelings through vocalised sound. With speech, symbols are not written or signed they are spoken as sounds. Gestures and signing are forms of speech for individuals who may have a disability or impairment. English has over 40 different sounds/phonemes but the number of sounds children need to learn depends on their chosen language. Language can be very specific. It is a set of symbols that are written, spoken or signed that enable us to communicate and convey meanings to others and allows us to understand what others are saying to us. We will write a custom essay sample on Language communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Language includes a complex set of rules. In the English language, words can be added together to make phrases and sentences and some words can be added to and changed. For example, adding an‘s’ to show more than one of something or adding ed’ to show something happened in the past. Linguists suggest that once users understand, use and have mastered the rules they will be able to convey anything they wish to. At first children cannot use the rules, toddlers begin by pointing at objects and saying just one word, but after a while they learn how to construct sentences. Communication is the process of conveying a message or meaning to establish a shared understanding to others. There are several ways in which we communicate all of which involve all our senses. For example, spoken, written, pictures, sounds, symbols. We also use non-verbal communication such as facial expressions, gestures and body language. Being able to listen to the person Children and young people with speech, language and communication needs have difficulties in communicating with others; it may be that they cannot express themselves effectively or they may have difficulties in understanding what is being said to them. On the other hand those who support them may not understand their way of communicating. Children and young people may have difficulties across one or many of the different elements of speech, language and communication resulting in a communication breakdown this may be minor and temporary or it may be complex and long term.

Anna Karenina Essays - English-language Films, British Films

Anna Karenina This story first starts out with chaos in the Oblonsky's household. Prince Stephen Oblonsky's wife Dolly found out that he was having an affair with their children's French governess and threatened to move out of the house and take the kids with her. Stephen Oblonsky does not feel bad for having an affair. What he feels bad for is getting caught by his wife. Even though he is upset he is happy to hear the news that his sister, Anna Karenina, is coming to town though. Later in the section Anna convinces Dolly to stay with her husband and not move out. It did not take much to convince her because her threats were empty. Oblonsky is the head of a distinguished Government Board in Moscow. He is glad to leave his house and go to work to meet his friend Levin after a committee meeting. He remembers that he friend Levin is in love with his sister-in-law Kitty Shcherbatskaya. He later asked her to marry him, but she declines his proposal. Kitty is waiting to marry Count Vronsky. When Anna comes to town her and Vronsky fall in love despite that she is already married. Kitty realized that Vronsky was not going to marry her. She got sick and went abroad to recover. Anna lies to her husband which make them drift farther apart, but she and Vronsky draw closer. C. Analysis: The way this book is starting out it seems like Leo Tolstoy has written it about the love and the marriage of higher powered figures in Russia. He started out the story with the fighting in the Oblonsky household. That seems to refer to the downside of some marriages because Dolly found out about her husband cheating on her. In the Oblonsky house Tolstoy also shows loyalty from Dolly. She knows her threats were empty and she knows that she will forgive her husband. Tolstoy shows different angles with each couple. Anna and her husband Karenin are well off and have an established marriage with a son. Then Anna falls in love with someone else and that marriage takes a turn for the worse. Levin loves Kitty, but Kitty does not see love for Levin in the first part of the story. She sees love for Vronsky. When Tolstoy is telling the story he always has a problem with some characters going on. He breaks up a couple, but then another couple gets together and solves a problem. There was never a dull moment in this part of the story. You had to keep up with what was going on just like a soap opera. Different characters kept getting mentioned and placed in different situations. Part one of this story really introduces the main themes and characters of the book. It describes their relationships and sets up the events that will become the main points and plot of the story. Each little story makes up the book. They all cross each other and run parallel with each other. This first section that I read seems to flow real nicely and it had some well-written parts that made the story come to life. A theme in the book is how each family and each character shows their social behavior. Social behavior is something that would be looked upon greatly with these characters because they are all high-class people. They are people who have respectable jobs and know everyone else. An example would be how Anna and Vronsky were talking at Princess Betsy's house and everyone thought of that to be something wrong because Anna was married and her husband was in the same room. The characters have to appeal to the society. D. Personal Reaction: In this story so far I have thought it to be like today's society. Even though these people are from high-class people and hold high powering jobs they still have things happen to them in everyday life that make things difficult. There are people that would fit nicely on Jerry Springer with all their love triangles. People who have family problems that they need to work on. Also, the social stature of these people does not seem to mean quite as much sometimes. Just like how it was here with the president and all the scandals that happened. I find this story interesting to read. I did not quite catch on about all the things at first. It seemed a little boring. Now I want to find out what is going to happen to all the

The Bodys Response To Stress And How Do We Deal With It The WritePass Journal

The Bodys Response To Stress And How Do We Deal With It Introduction The Bodys Response To Stress And How Do We Deal With It Introduction Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA)Seyles General Adaption Syndrome  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kiecolt- Glasers Exam StudyProblem-focused method of copingThe emotion-focused way of copingConclusionReference:Related Introduction Stress is a psychological and physical response of the body that occurs whenever we must adapt to changing conditions. And a stressor is the stimulus that brings about the stress response. For example, if you are scared of flying, airports may be a stressor for you. Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA) The stress response begins in the brain in an area called the hypothalamus, this is the point at which the perception of stress by higher brain centres begins a major physiological change in the body, it does this by stimulating 2 biological mechanisms. The first is called the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal system (HPA). When a stressor   is detected,   the higher brain centre send signals to hypothalamus telling it to ready the body for action. The hypothalamus does this by communicating with another part of the brain called the pituitary gland, stimulating it to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is detected in the bloodstream by the adrenal cortex, and in response it releases further hormones called the corticosteroids. There are a number of corticosteroids each having specific effects on the body, like causing liver to release glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol for extra energy needed during stress. When the corticosteroids are detected by the brain it has th e effect of switching off the stress response. Sympathetic Adrenalmedullary Axis (SAM) For the sympathetic adrenal medullary axis (SAM), when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system, which is a part of the autonomic nervous system, it stimulates a gland in the body called the adrenal medulla to release 2 hormones called adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream, these hormones have wide-ranging effects but mainly to increase blood pressure and heart rate. Seyles General Adaption Syndrome  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Han Selye(1940) developed a theory which has helped us understand how and why stress leads to illness. He subjected animals to a variety of stressors such as injection,   poison or extreme temperature and found that a similar pattern of physical responses could be observed, and divided them into three different stages. At stage 1 which is the alarm stage, stressor is perceived, HPA and SAM are activated, heart rate and blood pressure therefore increase.Stage 2, the resistant stage, the level of stress-related hormones and bodily arousal are remaining high n finally, at the final exhaustion stage, long period of stress   (chronic stress) eventually exhaust the bodys   defense system and its ability to maintain high levels   of circulating stress hormones, stress related illness may develop. There has been an increasing body of evidence supporting a relationship between long-term stress and cardiovascular disease, 2 of the biggest risks are high blood pressure and coronary hea rt disease. Kiecolt- Glasers Exam Study Research on a wide variety of stressors has shown that stress can reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. Kiecolt- Glaser et al (1984) has done an experiment on stress and the immune system. The aim of the experiment is to see whether external stress can have an impact on the immune system. They did it by collecting samples of 75 medical students on 2 different occasions. First, blood samples was taken at one month before their examinations, which is a relatively low stress time and secondly, during the examinations. The researchers looked at each of the blood samples and calculate the natural killer cell content. The more natural killer cells, the more efficient the immune system. Finally they found that the blood samples taken during the exams were much lower in NK cells than the samples taken a month earlier. One of the drawbacks of this experiment is that it had a causality problem, we cannot conclude that the stress caused the reduction in the immune system. Moreover, there may be a sampling bias, the participants are students n it is possible that they may respond to stress differently than some other types of people. However, being a natural experiment this study has high validity and there are likely to be few or no demand characteristics, though control of extraneous variables was not possible. Problem-focused method of coping The methods of coping with stress can be distinguished into emotion-focused and problem-focused methods of coping. The problem focused way deal with stress by treating it as a problem and actively engage with it. This includes anticipatory coping by gaining information about what makes us stressed and develop a plan of action to help us deal with it, and seeking social suport, pit means identify events in the environment that are either causing or likely to trigger stress, then we can take practical steps to avoid or better deal with it. SIT, the stress inoculation training is developed by Meichenbaum (1972) , its a psychological method of dealing with stress by restructuring how we think about events. First the client is encouraged to reappraise stress, the therapist discusses the nature of stress   with the client and explores stressful experiences that the client had in the past. Secondly the client is taught various ways of coping with stress, these would be quite specific and include general strategies such as relaxation. In the final phase clients are encouraged to apply their training to the real world. The stressors may be graded and gradually increase in intensity. Meichenbaum then wanted to investigate how effective his own SIT treatment was. So he studied anxious pre-exam students and placed them in three different conditions which are 8 weeks of SIT, 8 weeks of systematic desensitisation, and the controlled group which had no therapy at all. The efficiency of SIT was evaluated through exam performance and self reports by participants. So simply, if the students felt it has been sucessful and they performed well in exams, SIT was judged to have worked. Finally he found that the SIT group gave the most positive self-reports and outperformed the other students in exam. Some drawbacks of this study is that self-reports are not necessarily reliable , just because a person feels that something has not worked does not mean they receive no benefits from i t. Moreover the study does not address â€Å"optimum treatment period†, so we cannot be sure which of the method is best, only that SIT worked better than systematic desensitisation if a treatment period of 8 weeks is used. Although SIT is neither a quick, easy or cheap method to mange stress, it is flexible and the benefits of it can be long term. The emotion-focused way of coping The emotion-focused method is one that provides stressed person with relief from their symptoms. Some of the techniques are defence mechanisms, which is a way of blocking out the stress, or they may choose to reappraise it, which means simply changing the way they feel about the situation. Drugs is also the common physiological method to use. The most widely used prescribed drugs today are benzodiazepines and beta-blocker. They are quick acting, but do not treat the cause of problem, they may also have side effects n cause addiction too. Conclusion In conclusion, the problem focused strategies aim to change, alter or even remove the stressful problem, while emotion-focused aim to control or regulate the feelings a person is having. It has no a very satisfying answer of which one is better than the other, each has its strengths n weaknesses and each works best in different situations. Different people with different personalities and characteristics can react differently to stress, so which method of coping to choose is depend on numbers of factors, gender, age, and even wealth may also matter! Reference: NHS nhs.uk/Conditions/Stress/Pages/Introduction.aspx New 2008 AQA A Specification AS Level Psychology, Nigel Holt and Rob Lewis, Crown House Publishing Limited Coping with stress   helpguide.org/mental/stress_management_relief_coping.htm

Critically assess the significance of Understanding (Human Resources Essay

Critically assess the significance of Understanding (Human Resources Management) HRM from a gendered or Diversity perspective - Essay Example he United Kingdom and the United States, one of the most common diversity issues is perceived to be racial inequality with both countries being seen to have long histories of systematic discrimination against some of their ethnic minorities and blacks; against this background it can be found that it is important for managers and other human resource personnel to understand human resource management from gendered or diversity perspectives to ensure success in the modern day business environment. Diverse workplaces generally tend to comprise of a wide multitude of understandings, values, beliefs and different ways of viewing unique information and viewing the world. The current rapid rate of globalization and internationalization has been noted as significantly enhancing workforce diversities across the world. Nowadays, human resource management is having to develop innovative and effective methods to be used in handling the increasingly multicultural, cross-cultural and gender sensitive workforces that are common in not only western economies but also in different corporations around the world. This importance of workplace diversity has catapulted it to becoming one of the most popular hot button issues in the corporate, educational, legal and political arenas. According to Shen et al. (2009), attitudes from human resource researchers and corporate towards the modern day diverse workplace environment has largely been mixed. Since the early 1990s human resource management has grown to now be perceived as being among the most popular management concepts as is evidenced by the large scale proliferation of different texts that happen to bear the title, as well as by the large number of management and university training course that have been developed so as to address the subject. However, despite all the gains that have been made in this particular field of management, diversity and gender equality issues are still commonly found to be quite absent from human

Understanding Management Information Assignment

Understanding Management Information - Assignment Example This report intends to examine and portray the trend witnessed in the UK Tablet PC market, especially in respect of the preferences deciphered by young students aged between 18 years to 35 years and assist PG Communication LTD, a communication equipment producing company, to develop and launch innovative Tablet PCs in the UK. With enhanced features and operational efficiencies, Tablet PCs have thus emerged in the market segments of the UK and worldwide as dominating technological gadget. There are various factors which include simplicity, battery life and multi-tasking facility on the basis of which Tablet PCs are used for household, business and education purposes. Presently, Tablet PCs are used immensely by students and educational institutes with the objective of improving the education system, being strongly influenced by the notion of real-life learning, rather than focusing on traditional classroom learning merely (Korkmaz & et. al., 2012). Accordingly, the objective of this pa rticular research study is to determine the market conditions for Tablet PCs in the UK and accordingly devise appropriate strategies on the basis of which PG Communication LTD can launch Tablet PCs for students in the UK. Research Method Data for this particular research study were collected from secondary sources primarily. According to the report published by TechSciResearch (2011), the statistical results signified that Tablet PCs are the emerging technological gadgets in the electronic market segments. Tablet PCs have immense demand in the worldwide market segments. ... On the basis of quantitative descriptive research approach, apart from the secondary sources, the research findings have also been postulated on the basis of primary data, collected with the application of a questionnaire survey. The sample size for the questionnaire survey was 100 who were selected from the population comprising UK students aged between 18-35 years, i.e. the targeted customers of PG Communication LTD. To be noted, both the primary and secondary data collection methods used in this study possesses particular advantages and disadvantages which has been depicted in the section below. Secondary Sources Primary Sources Advantages The data collected through secondary method are determined to be cost as well as time efficient Secondary data are readily available which may assist in acquiring adequate information in an efficient manner (Parasuraman & et. al., 2006) Obtained first-hand, the data collected from primary research are more appropriate as well as reliable source of information for research study as compared to the secondary data (Wiid & Diggins, 2010) Disadvantages The data collected from secondary data may be out-of-date (Parasuraman & et. al., 2006) The primary data collection method is time consuming and expensive The researches should be experienced and unbiased while collecting information which requires high interpretive skills within the researcher (Wiid & Diggins, 2010) Analysis Secondary Research According to the report published by TechSciResearch (2011), the statistical results signified that Tablet PCs are the emerging technological gadgets in the electronic market segments. Tablet PCs have immense demand in the worldwide market segments. Moreover, the report states that

Rabies Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rabies Virus - Research Paper Example The RNP complex along with the the viral RNA is comprised â€Å"of the proteins L (transcriptase), N (nucleoprotein), and NS (transcriptase-associated)† (Rupprecht). â€Å"These aggregate in the cytoplasm of virus-infected neurons and compose Negri bodies, the characteristic histopathologic finding of rabies virus infection. The M (matrix) and G (glycoprotein) proteins are associated with the lipid envelope. The G protein forms the protrusions that cover the outer surface of the virion envelope and is the only rabies virus protein known to induce virus-neutralizing antibody† (Rupprecht). Rabies virus can be either the fixed type or street (wild type) (Rupprecht). Incubation period In dogs, the incubation period is usually 3-6 weeks but it may range from 10 days to a year. In man, the incubation period is usually from 1-3 months though it may be as short as 10 days or as long as 3 years. Incubation period is usually short in persons bitten on the face or head and long in those bitten on the legs. Incubation period is shorter in children. (Ananthnarayanan) Reservoirs of infection and host range The rabies virus infects a wide range of hosts, including dogs and cats, raccoons, coyotes, skunks, foxes, bats, and human beings. Any warm-blooded animal can be infected with rabies; however, some animals like wolves, foxes, and coyotes are more susceptible (Ananthnarayanan) Transmission About 99.8% of reported cases of rabies are due to bites of animals. The â€Å"other forms of transmission that have been reported includes contamination of mucous membranes, faulty vaccines, corneal transplants, and aerosol transmission† (Rupprecht) Signs and symptoms Rabies virus affects primarily the central nervous system, and causes an acute infection. In humans, there are five clinical stages: â€Å"the incubation period, prodrome, acute neurologic period, coma, and death† (Rupprecht) The prodromal period usually lasts from 2 to 10 days and clinical sympt oms are first noticed during this stage. The symptoms may include fever, general malaise, fatigue, cough, sore throat, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, dysphagia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, irritability, vertigo, headache, anxiety, nervousness and apprehension (Rupprecht). Some significant features like â€Å"insomnia, nightmares, depression, increased agitation, photophobia, priapism, and increased libido, may also occur† (Rupprecht). In that case, it suggests the presence of psychiatric disturbances encephalitis, or other brain abnormalities (Rupprecht). A pathognomonic feature in the acute neurologic period is difficulty in drinking together with intense thirst. Attempts to drink brings painful spasms of pharynx and larynx, producing choking that patients later develop a dread for even the sight or sound of water (hydrophobia) (Scheld & Whitley) In the acute neurologic period, the disease is categorized as dumb rabies if paralysis is the main clinical feature and as fur ious rabies if the symptom of hydrophobia is the main clinical feature. Both types of rabies may show signs like â€Å"focal and generalized convulsions, muscle fasciculations, hyperventilation, paresthesia, hypersalivation and nuchal rigidity† (Rupprecht) After the acute neurologic period ends, the patient may develop a rapid, irregular type of breathing. Very soon, paralysis and coma develops. Unless ventilator support is instituted, the patient may

The Objective Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay

The Objective Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay The national curriculum of the school reflects the objective of National Philosophy of Education in the ways of producing insan model. This is because the National Philosophy of Education is a guide and a basis for our Malaysian education system which is being conducted in Malaysia with rational opinions among the schools. This NPE encompasses several aspects such as analysis and implications towards our education system. Analysis of NPE emphasises on teachers which teachers are need to study and interpret its contents in various factors such as religious, social, political, economy and so on. Moreover, teachers have to understand carefully one by one the aims of the programs which are to fulfil nations aspiration to produce good quality students. Analysis of NPE consists of number of elements which is really crucial to be implemented for both teacher and students. The first element of NPE is education is an on-going effort that acquires the transferring knowledge skills and noble values. Secondly is about the development of individual potentials which emphasise on talents and potentials that should be nurtured and developed since in the schools. Last but not least, elements about producing knowledgeable Malaysian citizens who are balanced with harmonic being. It can be achieved through JERIS (physically, emotionally, spiritually, emotionally and socially) by giving full love for knowledge and be open -minded. Other elements like holistic and integrated development, belief and obedience to god and produce competent Malaysian citizens are als included in NPE. Oxford dictionary defines curriculum as the subjects that are being taught to comprise a course of study in a schools or colleges. In spite of, curriculum covers all the experiences includes tasks that were taken from young age until a person get old. In Malaysia primary education context, primary curriculum had faced many changes in order to accomplish the mission and goals of national curriculum aspirations. Old Primary School Curriculum (KLSR), New Primary School Curriculum (KBSR), Integrated Primary School Curriculum (KBSR) and Standard Primary School Curriculum (KSSR) are the great examples of these changes. Old Primary School Curriculum (KLSR) was designed since Independence Day. In 1961, Education Act 1961 became as a base of education system and Laporan Rahman Talib was established by former Minister of Education Abdul RahmanTalib in KLSR (Siti Atiqah Ali, 2010). Laporan Razak year 1956 was established to review back the policy of national education. The reason of establishing this curriculum is to strengthen unity and eradicate illiteracy. Moreover, clear objective of this KLSR is to ensure that all students pass Bahasa Melayu by providing a systematic education. However, KLSR was repealed in 1982 because of the weakness. This happens due to the subjects which were not related with other subjects, emphasis on achieving excellence materials and pedagogy was not emphasised the understanding of behaviourism. In 1982, New Primary School Curriculum (KBSR) was conducted in 305 schools around Malaysia as trial basis for implementation of new curriculum. The main goal of KBSR is to ensure the development of potential, integrated and balanced according to JERIS (physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual and social). Thus, KBSR fully implemented in all schools in 1983 and 3M skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic were fully developed including the solving problems. New Primary School Curriculum was changed to Integrated Primary School Curriculum (KBSR) in 1993 (Hamidah Atan, 2009). The basic change was take place in curriculum and school culture. For instance, local studies were replaced with Man and His Environment subject. The purpose of this subject is to provide students with knowledge, skills and values. Whereas, school culture was included about school environment, patriotism and integration. Meanwhile, development of KBSR was grounded under four principles and they were integr ated approach, one education for all, holistic development of the individual and life-long learning. Nevertheless, weaknesses of KBSR are excessive focus to get A in examination and not to impart knowledge, values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and skills. Biggest transformation take place in the curriculum entitled Standard Primary School Curriculum (KSSR) in 2011 which incrementally in 500 schools. This is a way to coordinate the development and the current demand for human capital on more quality time in line and sophisticated to make KBSR as a base of KSSR. Main objective of implementation KSSR is to enhance students 4M skills in studies such as reading, writing, arithmetic and reasoning and emphasize more on modelling curriculum to produce quality students. For example, lower primary schools for English subject have four modules on listening and speaking, reading, writing and language arts. Science and Mathematics is the subject which teachers concentrate more. KSSR can describes as a beginning process of forming a holistic changes to the existing school curriculum involves changing the form, organization, content, pedagogy, time allocation, assessment methods, materials and management of school curriculum. Curriculum is actually a guide for teachers to achieve goals and mission that have been stated in education policy in Malaysia. Changes in curriculum happen until now as a way to enhance the ability and skills of students to achieve in certain levels and to produce quality students for nation. Primary curriculum is playing a role in organising activities for students in schools according to NPEs elements.It are very important for all schools to organise activities according to NPE. The purpose of organising such activities is to implement the eight elements of NPE for both teacher and students. Implementation of eight elements is crucial in order to get the perfection and standardisation of curriculum among all schools in Malaysia and the production of activities are conduct in integrated manner. Hereby, it is to prepare students to face real life challenges when they complete their school life. Experiences that students gain from school will be a good guide for them to face challenges at outside the world. A. INTERVIEW AND DEDUCT THE IDEALISTIC BELIEVE OF A HEADMASTERS AND A SENIOR ASSISTANTS ROUTINE REGARDING 5 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN THE SCHOOL TO VISUALIZE / INSISTS THE OBJECTIVE OF NPE. Ministry of Education states that activities which are being carried out in the schools must fulfil the elements of NPE in order to produce well-being students. According to the survey that I had conducted at Tamil medium primary school (SJK T Dengkil, Selangor), the headmaster mentioned that his school is organising activities which gives the of NPEs elements. These activities will be conducted according to primary school curriculum development for little one from age 7 until 12 years. There are two types of activities which are being conducting, one is school based activities and another one is class based activities especially for language subjects. One of the best example is Majlis Cemerlang UPSR (Ujian Peperiksaan Sekolah Rendah ). This program will be held on January every year for students who achieved more than 3As in UPSR. This activity is headed by the headmaster of the school and teachers will be the coordinators of this program. The main aim of this program is to reward students who contribute excellence results for the school and this will be a source of motivation for other students to achieve a better result for upcoming years by being a role-model. Other than that, the headmaster also will give a talk on KSSR and also about the band systems for parents who enrol their children in year 1. This activity has hit the NPEs elements especially of producing knowledgeable and competent students for nation with high moral standards. Even, program like this should be organised in every schools as inspiration even though the schools do not have allocation from government to conduct such program like this. Second activity will be Sports Day. February will be a busiest month for all teachers and students for the preparation for the Sport day. Training sessions will be conducting every evening in order to train students to get the perfections on the activities which already plan by teachers. Four big groups will be formed for students during the actual day and each student need to contribute at least 1point for their group. Activities like 100 meter race, 200 meter race, shot put and others will take place on sport day. On the actual day, president of PIBG (Persatuan Ibu Bapa Guru) and parents are invite to give supports for students to do better performances. Medals will be given for students who win for each and every activity. The implications from this sport day are to produce students with high discipline level and balanced according to JERIS (physically, emotionally, spirituality, intellectually and socially). Moreover, this activity will be a platform for students to nurture their hidden talents and to continue their achievement further. The selected students will represent the school to participate in the higher level competitions like MSSD (Majlis Sukan Sekolah Daerah) which organise by Ministry of Education. On every May, the school will organise a program named Program Maju diri for school prefects and librarians to train the value of leadership among students. Train the school leaders by implementing self discipline in them and develop well-mannered person together to contribute good reputation of the schools. Activities like jungle trekking teach them the co-operation values among them without concerning about the race, skin colour and the status of a student. Thus, they will understand more about leadership and will realise that being a leader is not easy because they need to face lot of challenges and obstacles in their real life. Even, this program prepares students to be future leader of Malaysia in future. This prevents students from involving unhealthy activities which will damage their life as a valuable citizen. NPE elements like developing potentials of a person who are responsible and capable to achieve the level of personal well-being is really coinciding the scope of this program. Next activity is Perkhemahan Badan Beruniform which will be held during school holiday on May. This camping will be organize by senior assistant of co-curriculum for 3 days and 2 night at school and students will be selected from each uniformed bodies for participation. Different level of activities will be conducted to test students ability and their engagement with other students to bond a good relationship with other students. This program is really useful for students because they can learn more about the purposes of joining such program like this and may share their experiences with other students. So, other students will have the interest to join the program on other time. NPE will be used as a base for this program in order producing generation of students with high vision by creating awareness and understanding of the organizational principles which allow students to learn through this program. Lastly, school based activity which conducts by the school is Science Fair. The activity really interesting when found out about the students achievement that had made last year. October will be the month of Science where the science teachers struggle hard to prepare experiments for each class according to levels such as lower and upper primary. In addition, the purpose of conducting school level Science fair is to give exposure on Science world and make up students mind that Science is really fun to learn by doing the experiments and it is not difficult if learn in a proper way. Teachers in this school will guide students to conduct the experiments and rewards will be given for the most interesting and successful experiments. Parents are invited because to give encouragement to students and to give clear picture about students who are being as a Science class minded. On November, the school will take part in National Science Fair which will be held in Kuala Lumpur and these students will get a chance to engage with other students which come from all over Malaysia as participator and learn more from there. According to the headmaster, last year this school won third place for the best and attractive experiment. From here can conclude that, this school is preparing students as a future scientist by producing knowledgeable and competent Malaysian citizens according to NPE. B. EXPLAIN TEACHERS TEACHING ACTIVITIES THAT BEING FOCUSED / CARRIED OUT IN THE CLASSROOM TO ACTUALIZE THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM IN THE PORGRESS OF MOULDING THE STDUNETS BEHAVIOUR AND BELIEVES. Successful learning process can achieve when the teachers put efforts to make engagement between learning and syllabus. It only can be done through classroom activities and it is really significant for the development of students in the classrooms. Lesson plan is the guide for teachers to prepare activities for students and put varieties in order to create fun learning environment. The most interesting classroom activity which carries out by teachers is by playing game within the students for example online interactive game. Students get the chance to play games by themselves so that they can explore the needs of a game which related to the content that teachers are going to teach. For example, ESL games mostly use for English language subject. Students can move further according to their level like lower level to medium level and higher level. This type of game will offer opportunities for students to improve their English language skills in a fun and interactive way. Other than that, game like word of the day create reading environment in the classrooms. This is because students need to bring a newspaper cut during lesson time and search for words that they do not know. After this, students need to search for the meaning and construct a sentence according to the word. Students who collect more words will be the winner and will receive gift from the teachers. This type of activity gives encouragement for students to read a lot to find words and day by day they will practice their own reading independently. Teachers and students are putting their on-going effort for excellent for producing knowledgeable Malaysian which has stated in NPE. Moreover, role play or well known also stimulations can develop students communication skills. Teachers give guidance for students to develop characteristic according to the story. For instance, do roles play about Snow White and Seven Dwarf. Role play is one way of extending the range of purposes especially when students brainstorm to get ideas to develop the sequences of the story. Role play areas often arise from the theme that being undertaken by the class through participation. Students get wider experiences to support their engagement with others students while using signs, props, menus and so on. According to Browne (2009) this imaginative play area will be a valuable source of literacy activities by creating understanding about the theme of story. The schools teacher also states that this role play activity may build students confident level and bring them out from the feel of afraid when they need to talk in front of other members. High moral standards can be created among s tudents to mould good behaviours and produce personal well-being as stated in NPE. Bees activity also being conducting in the classroom in different way such as spelling bee, speaking bee and others. The purpose of conducting such activity in the classroom is to ensure students to use their thinking skills during the lesson time. Even, students are able to increase their spelling and vocabularies level which can be used during examination time. The teacher said that this activity usually will be conducted in language classes like English and Malay. Teachers will come out with a list of vocabularies and ask students to memorize those words for the spelling bee which will be held every Tuesday for English classes and every Friday for Malay language classes. Students can create own initiative to modify their language proficiency that will be useful when they are complete their primary school level. In matter of NPE, teachers are in mission of producing students for the betterment of family, society and nation. Producing knowledgeable Malaysian students in an integrate d manner is conscious. Next activity is named as Lady Bird. This activity specially creates for students who known as slow learners. This is one way of grabbing slow learners attention to study smart and give confidents that they also can be a good learner like the rest by making them to read. The way of conducting this activity is students will provide a text with number of question which goes on with the level like from easy to average and too hard. Students need to search for key words on the text and highlight those key words to get answer for each question. Students like faster learner will be tutor for the slow learners so that they can easily be guided among their friends. After this session, slow learners are able to read within two months and showed an increase in every school test. This has been proven when this school produce a very least number of slow learners and even this will contribute in producing literacy nation for Malaysia. Last but not least, this school also has come out a with an activity called as self-access learning where the students need to do self learning in the classroom during independent learning period. Students need to read story books, find moral values which contain in those stories and need to present in the classroom during language subject. This is more to storytelling session which enables teachers to examine students pronunciation on certain words. Students also can make this activity as a platform to build their confident level to face other friends and also to speak out. Believe in god and on-going effort with high moral standards and responsibility really hit this activity according to NPE. In conclusion, the implication of NPE is really unique in producing a well-being of Malaysian for this nation. While, the implications of NPE on school culture are to ensure that teachers and students follow closely together, realize to give success for the aims and aspirations and basic consideration for reformation of planning education routines and activities. Finally, NPE is very important either for teachers or students to have a very quality education level for all Malaysians students and teachers are being as aspiration source for their students in the schools. Thus, values like honesty, dedicatedly; responsible and ambitious are needed to produce a capable achiever for this nation. The activities which has stated above is one way for moulding.

Bob marley :Light a Fire Essay -- essays research papers fc

Light a Fire "The reservoir of music he has left behind is like an encyclopedia," says Judy Mowatt of the I-Threes (Bob Marley’s backup singers). "When you need to refer to a certain situation or crisis, their will always be a Bob Marley song that will relate to it. Bob was a musical prophet.† (bobmarley.com). To most people in this world Bob Marley was just a singer from the tiny island of Jamaica, but to any person who has felt the true soul of his music they know that he was no musician, but a spiritual messenger through music. Bob Marley created many fans through his music but may have sparked a few enemies through his believes, his story tells the truth behind the prophet. Robert Nesta Marley was born on February 6, 1945 from a poor 18-year-old black young woman named Cedella Booker and a white 50-year-old Captain Noval Marley. His father’s military position provided financial support for the family but his constant absence for the British West Indian Regiment left Bob unattended during his early years. Bob’s life in Jamaica was not at all of greatness. On the outskirts of Kingston, the small village of Trench town is where Bob sprouted his roots. Bob’s curious and open mind led him to music at a young age; he quit school to learn all he could about music. His young spirit was like a seed yearning for the nutrients to grow into a fruitful plant. When he heard musical influences from American radio stations he mind was set to become a future influence for generations to come (bobmarley.com). Bob Marley’s popularity had spread all though Jamaica. His music was always on the top of the charts and his lyrics were always on the top of Jamaican minds. Bob’s musical influence had seamed together with the political turmoil of the time, and his songs told a truthful account about everyday life living in an unsteady government. Bob Marley and his two best friends from the ghetto, Neville â€Å"Bunny† Livingston and Peter Tosh, had now become the most popular thing out of Jamaica. The Wailers had taken what every voice in Jamaica wanted to cry out over the political anarchy-taking place. The Wailer’s impact on their Jamaican culture set ablaze their popularity across America and eventually the world. Once the Wailers became nationa... ...d over to his family. â€Å" Maddah, don' cry," he said afterward to Ciddy as she stood at his bedside, clutching his hand, "I'll be all right. I'm gwan ta prepare a place." He died just before noon on May 11, 1981, only forty hours after he left Germany.† (bobmarley.com) The world may forget how a poor, lonely child made a song for what is right and gave the people an olive leaf when the were asking for a knife, but we may also remember a similar story of a man who created peace in the world with only his words to fight with, Christ. Works Cited www.bobmarley.com 2000. King, Stephen A. â€Å"International Reggae, Democratic Socialism, and the Secularization of the Rastafarian Movement, 1972-1980.† Popular Music and Society Fall 1998. McCullough, Courtney. â€Å"Bob Marley: Do You Have a Complete Picture?† http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m2822/3_22/59117064/p6/article.jhtml?term= 20 November 1999. Ultimate Albums: Bob Marley Legend. VH1. 2002. www.vh1.com 2002. White, Timothy. Catch a Fire: The life of Bob Marley. New York: Holt, 1996.

Reward System in Educational Settings Essay

The reward systems used in educational settings originates from psychology of behavior that specifically gives specific emphasis on promoting good discipline in educational settings. Education institutions are able to make significant differences in children’s behavior through setting out definite rules and stipulating sanctions and rewards for violating them. The fundamental nature of such systems is the idea that students can choose how to conduct themselves. Therefore, by rewarding and recognizing good behaviors whereas bad ones are punished, it is believed that students will aspire to choose good behaviors. A number of psychologists argue that in most cases education institutions focus on rectifying bad behaviors only rather than recognizing or reinforcing good behavior among students. They therefore criticize such an approach as being too basic because it eliminates the framework within which students’ conduct occurs and leaves total liability up on individual for their behavior. Although such criticizing arguments have been put forward, reward systems have been widely adopted in most education institutions especially primary and secondary schools. There are argued to impact positively on student’s behavior and performance as well as to teachers (Kohn, 1993). In regard to this, psychologists have explained the reward systems using a number of learning theories which relates the psychology and education disciplines. Learning is the means through which cognitive, emotional, and environment influences and experiences suitable for enhancing, acquiring, or making ones skills, knowledge, and values are brought together. Thus, the learning process puts emphasis on events that occur in the learning environment and this is explained by a number of learning theories. The learning theories clarify on how animals and people learn thus aiding us to understand the inherent complex learning process. All the learning theories which have been put forward by various psychologists are grouped into three categories: cognitive, behavior, constructivism and social-cognitive. Motivation of students is the basic necessity to guarantee success of any education enterprise. The dynamics of motivation can be explained as the types of academic and social goals which students brings into the classrooms, motivating elements of such goals, and the existing reward systems that together control the quantity and quality of learning as well as the will to keep on learning (Deci & Ryan, 1986). Motivation has been categorized by psychologists into four groups: instrumental motivation, achievement motivation, intrinsic motivation, and social motivation. However, more than one type of motivation may occur to a student at a given time. Instrumental motivation as a type of motivation is exclusively extrinsic because students carry out tasks as they are influenced by probable final consequences such as the probability of acquiring material rewards or keeping away from a reprimand. Therefore, in cases of such motivation, teachers are supposed to ensure that tasks being performed are put in contexts that students perceive pleasant. Social motivation argues that students execute tasks in order to please people they admire, respect or whose views are of significance to them. In regard to this social motivation, rewards have no significance although tangible as well as immaterial. Besides, rewards are correlated expressly to the perceived association between the learners and the teachers or instructors whose underpinning activities such as praise and approval are considered important. Achievement motivation involves students learning and hoping for success and it has three components: cognitive drive –whereby students attempts to satisfy identified ‘need to know’; self enhancement –learners satisfy the call for self-respect; affiliation –learners seek support from others; Intrinsic motivation is characterized by the absence of external rewards hence tasks are undertaken for the pleasure and satisfaction they bring the students. It appears to be fundamental to high quality participation in an undertaking as well as being self-terminating and self-maintaining. Curiosity and a desire to meet challenges may characterize the learning of students motivated in this style (Ardord, 2006). To clearly explain the system of reward in schools, a few theories are explained. Maslow’s theory of motivation focuses on a person’s striving for excellence and he explained this through ‘hierarchy of human needs’. Maslow pointed out that every human being is a ‘wanting animal’ hence he supposed that an individual’s behavior at any given time is dominated by his/her needs that have largest potency. As lower level psychological needs of a person are sufficiently achieved, the needs for higher level psychological needs come in handy. In the context of education, Maslow’s theory argues that students cannot and/or are not willing to learn or put more effort if their basic needs are not provided or met. Therefore, students require psychological needs to be met alongside their safety feelings and a sense of belonging. Such leads to spontaneous sense as learners who are hungry will not concentrate, nor will learners who are bullied and neither will learners who perceive to be outsiders and without friends. According to Maslow, learners are motivated if they are self-actualized and any hindrances affects learning environment considerably (Ibid, 2006). Skinner came up with a theoretical framework referred to as operant conditioning to explain that human beings cannot learn best without being provided or promised with a reward. He argued that human beings like every other organisms makes a direct and anticipated response –operant- when they are aware that there is a reward. Therefore, in cases where a response happens and emphasized, there is increased probability that it will happen again when a comparable stimulus is present. Hence, skinner argued that student’s tend to learn best when behavioral change occurs. In his experiment, Skinner had come up with learning units referred to as ‘contingencies of reinforcement’. These are sequences within which behaviors or responses are followed by reinforcing stimuli. The outstanding learning principle in this theory states that behaviors/responses are naturally produced without bring out stimuli. Besides, such behaviors are operants as their production can be instrumental in punishing or reinforcing consequences among students. Therefore, this theory is useful in understanding a person’s learning, social interaction, and human development via making open a number of normal law relationships created into human life by God. Thus, the theory concurs on the necessity to have a system of reward in schools based on students’ behavior which seems notable (Tayo, 2001). Penn in his work argues that in self-worth theory, motivation is the one of most vital factors to determine the attitude of learners as well as their behavior as a sense of self-respect. The answer to self-worth is learner’s perception of his/her own capability particularly when compared to others. If an imaginary hierarchy of self-worth is drawn, learners will tend to give ability the first priority, followed by effort and performance. The theory as claimed can be explained by equating both worth and ability. The author quoting other psychologists writes that applying personal goal-setting arrangements (gives learners a chance to define their own criteria for success), outcome-based evaluation and instruction (slower learning students experience success without competing with faster learning students), attribution learning (facilitates uninterested learners to consider failure being the lack of effort instead of ability), and cooperative learning activities (facilitates learners in understanding that individual effort contributes to personal as well as group goals) removes barriers to achieving motivation and redirects learners’ behavior far away from letdown-avoiding activities in educational settings (Penn, 2002). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation theories differ only in terms of goals that different student have. Intrinsic motivation argues that students study just for the sake. The learners derive personal satisfaction as well as learning new ideas from learning and regard the m as a reward (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). On the other hand, extrinsically motivated students are influenced by outside influences for instance praise from peer and teacher, attaining good grades, and/or any other form of reinforcement a peer or teacher can offer. Some people have argued that intrinsically motivated students tend to learn more as compared to those who are extrinsically motivated. Reason may be because intrinsically motivated learners as well extrinsically motivated. However, extrinsically motivated learners are seldom motivated intrinsically. Extrinsic rewards encompasses use of tangible rewards such as payments and gifts so as to keep learners interested in particular subjects as well as motivate them (Deci & Ryan, 2002). Intrinsic motivation has for a long time been criticized for its unconstructive influence on intrinsic motivation as well as being claimed to have a short term effect. In regard to intrinsic motivation, learners have the feelings of self-determination, pride, and competence. However, students are highly interested in activities when they are motivated by gifts, prizes, grades, or money as long as they received anticipated reward. Therefore, with time a student who receives a reward for their performance in a particular subject, they gradually become interested in it and develop intrinsic motivation. A big difference exists between tangible rewards (candy, money, certificates) and verbal rewards (praise, positive feedback). Tangible rewards influences intrinsic motivation negatively and destroy self-regulation (Wilson & Corpus, 2001). Conclusion Although the reward system has for a long time been applied in schools, a couple of issues need to be addressed if it will remain effective. Teachers and parents needs to be consistent in using rewards and sanctions, the reward system whether individual, cooperative or competitive should be monitored on regular basis, keeping-off from rewards that have monetary worth or those that indicates that school tasks are of no value, and making certain that rewards are deserved and genuine rather than being routine (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). Whichever the reward system an education institution adopts, a positive culture in schools is established reason being efforts and good behaviors of the pupils are recognized. Thus, most students tend to put more effort so as to achieve established rewards and as a result the overall performance of school improves.

The Night of Sorrows

The Night of Sorrows On the night of June 30 - July 1, 1520, the Spanish conquistadors occupying Tenochtitlan decided to escape from the city, as they had been under heavy attack for several days. The Spanish tried to escape under cover of darkness, but they were spotted by locals, who rallied the Mexica warriors to attack. Although some of the Spaniards escaped, including expedition leader Hernan Cortes, many were slain by the angry natives, and many of the golden treasures of Montezuma were lost. The Spanish referred to the escape as La Noche Triste, or the Night of Sorrows.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ The Conquest of the Aztecs In 1519, conquistador Hernan Cortes landed near present-day Veracruz with about 600 men and began slowly making his way to the magnificent capital city of the Mexica (Aztec) Empire, Tenochtitlan. On his way into the Mexican heartland, Cortes learned that the Mexica controlled many vassal states, most of which were unhappy about the Mexicas tyrannical rule. Cortes also first defeated, then befriended the warlike Tlaxcalans, who would provide invaluable assistance in his conquest. On November 8, 1519, Cortes and his men entered Tenochtitlan. Before long, they took Emperor Montezuma captive, resulting in a tense stand-off with the remaining native leaders who wanted the Spaniards out. The Battle of Cempoala and the Toxcatl Massacre In early 1520, Cortes had a fairly firm hold on the city. Emperor Montezuma had proved a pliant captive and a combination of terror and indecision paralyzed other native leaders. In May, however, Cortes was forced to assemble as many soldiers as he could and leave Tenochtitlan. Governor Diego Velazquez of Cuba, wishing to reassert control over Cortes expedition, had sent a massive conquistador army under Panfilo de Narvaez to rein in Cortes. The two conquistador armies met at the Battle of Cempoala on May 28 and Cortes emerged victorious, adding Narvaez men to his own. Meanwhile, back in Tenochtitlan, Cortes had left his lieutenant Pedro de Alvarado in charge of about 160 Spanish reserves. Hearing rumors that the Mexica planned to slaughter them at the Festival of Toxcatl, Alvarado decided on a pre-emptive strike. On May 20, he ordered his men to attack the unarmed Aztec nobles assembled at the festival. Heavily armed Spanish conquistadors and their fierce Tlaxcalan allies waded into the unarmed mass, killing thousands. Needless to say, the people of Tenochtitlan were enraged by the Temple Massacre. When Cortes returned to the city on June 24, he found Alvarado and the surviving Spaniards and Tlaxcalans barricaded in the Palace of Axaycatl. Although Cortes and his men were able to join them, the city was up in arms.   The Death of Montezuma By this point, the people of Tenochtitlan had lost their respect for their Emperor, Montezuma, who had repeatedly refused to take up arms against the hated Spanish. On June 26 or 27, the Spanish dragged a reluctant Montezuma to the rooftop to appeal to his people for peace. This tactic had worked before, but now his people were having none of it. The assembled Mexica egged on by new, warlike leaders including Cuitlhuc (who would succeed Montezuma as Tlatoani, or Emperor), only jeered Montezuma before launching stones and arrows at him and the Spanish on the roof. The Europeans brought Montezuma inside, but he had been mortally wounded. He died shortly thereafter, on June 29 or 30. Preparations for Departure With Montezuma dead, the city in arms and able military leaders like Cuitlhuac clamoring for the annihilation of all of the invaders, Cortes and his captains decided to abandon the city. They knew the Mexica did not like to fight at night, so they decided to leave at midnight on the night of June 30-July 1. Cortes decided that they would leave via the Tacuba causeway to the west, and he organized the retreat. He put his best 200 men in the vanguard so that they could clear the way. He also put important noncombatants there: his interpreter Doà ±a Marina (Malinche) was guarded personally by some of Cortes best soldiers. Following the vanguard would be Cortes with the main force. They were followed by the surviving Tlaxcalan warriors with some important prisoners, including three children of Montezuma. After that, the rearguard and cavalry would be commanded by Juan Velazquez de Leà ³n and Pedro de Alvarado, two of Cortes most reliable battlefield captains. The Night of Sorrows The Spanish made it a fair way onto the Tacuba causeway before they were seen by a local woman who raised the alarm. Before long, thousands of enraged Mexica warriors were attacking the Spanish on the causeway and from their war canoes. The Spanish fought valiantly, but the scene soon deteriorated into chaos. The vanguard and Cortes main body of troops reached the western shores fairly intact, but the back half of the escape column was nearly wiped out by the Mexica. The Tlaxcalan warriors suffered great losses, as did the rearguard. Many local leaders who had allied themselves with the Spanish were killed, including Xiuhtototzin, governor of Teotihuacn. Two of Montezumas three children were killed, including his son Chimalpopoca. Juan Velazquez de Leà ³n was killed, reportedly shot full of native arrows. There were several gaps in the Tacuba causeway, and these were difficult for the Spanish to cross. The largest gap was called the Toltec Canal. So many Spaniards, Tlaxcalans, and horses died at the Toltec Canal that their dead bodies formed a bridge over the water over which others could cross. At one point, Pedro de Alvarado allegedly made a tremendous leap over one of the gaps in the causeway: this place became known as Alvarados Leap even though it likely never happened. Some Spanish soldiers close to the rearguard decided to retreat back to the city and re-occupy the fortified Palace of Axaycatl. They may have been joined there by as many as 270 conquistadors there, veterans of the Narvaez expedition, who had apparently never been told of the plans to leave that night. These Spanish held out for a couple of days before being overrun: all were killed in battle or sacrificed shortly thereafter. The Treasure of Montezuma The Spanish had been collecting wealth since long before the Night of Sorrows. They had plundered towns and cities on their way to Tenochtitlan, Montezuma had given them extravagant gifts and once they reached the capital city of the Mexica, they had looted it mercilessly. One estimate of their loot was a staggering eight tons of gold, silver, and jewels at the time of the Night of Sorrows. Before they left, Cortes had ordered the treasure melted down into portable gold bars. After he had secured the Kings fifth and his own fifth onto some horses and Tlaxcalan porters, he told the men to take whatever they wanted to carry with them as they fled the city. Many greedy conquistadors loaded themselves down with heavy gold bars, but some of the smarter ones did not. Veteran Bernal Diaz del Castillo carried only a small handful of gemstones which he knew were easy to barter with natives. The gold was put in the care of Alonso de Escobar, one of the men Cortes trusted most. In the confusion of the Night of Sorrows, many of the men abandoned their gold bars when they became a needless weight. Those who had loaded themselves with too much gold were more likely to perish in battle, drown in the lake, or be captured. Escobar disappeared in the confusion, presumably killed or captured, and thousands of pounds of Aztec gold disappeared with him. All in all, most of the loot the Spanish had captured thus far disappeared that night, down into the depths of Lake Texcoco or back into the hands of the Mexica. When the Spanish recaptured Tenochtitlan several months later, they would try in vain to locate this lost treasure. Legacy of the Night of Sorrows All in all, some 600 Spanish conquistadors and about 4,000 Tlaxcalan warriors were killed or captured on what the Spanish came to call La Noche Triste, or the Night of Sorrows. All of the captive Spaniards were sacrificed to the Aztecs gods. The Spaniards lost a great many important things, such as their cannons, most of their gunpowder, any food they still had and, of course, the treasure. The Mexica rejoiced in their victory but made a huge tactical error in not pursuing the Spanish immediately. Instead, the invaders were allowed to retreat to Tlaxcala and regroup there before beginning another assault on the city, which would fall in a matter of months, this time for good. Tradition has it that after his defeat, Cortes wept and regrouped beneath an enormous Ahuehuete tree in Tacuba Plaza. This tree stood for centuries and became known as el rbol de la noche triste or the tree of the Night of Sorrows. Many modern Mexicans favor a native-centric view of the conquest: that is to say, they see the Mexica as brave defenders of their homeland and the Spanish as unwelcome invaders. One manifestation of this is a movement in 2010 to change the name of the plaza, which is called Plaza of the Tree of the Night of Sorrows to Plaza of the Tree of the Night of Victory. The movement did not succeed, perhaps because there is not much left of the tree nowadays. Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963. Print.Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. New York: Bantam, 2008.Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Touchstone, 1993.